National Museum Of Beirut – Mosaics

As I begin writing about the artifacts contained in the National Museum of Beirut, my enthusiasm carries me away. There are just too many favorites to fit into just one post.  So, I have divided the five original subheadings into separate posts.  This delivers two benefits: it allows me to indulge my enthusiasm and fit more in about each category and it means that you can navigate more easily to the subjects that hold your interest.  Whether you’re an enthusiast or just flicking through, I hope you enjoy these mosaics.

Mosaics

Jupiter and his moon Ganymede are the largest planet and satellite in the solar system and their story is rooted in ancient myth. The mosaic “Jupiter and Ganymede” (above) draws on the Roman legend – adapted from Greek mythology – in which Jupiter, the Roman god of the sky and thunder (known as Zeus to the Greeks), transforms into an eagle after spotting Ganymede, the handsome young shepherd and first king of Troy. Enchanted by his beauty, Jupiter, in the form of the eagle, abducts Ganymede and carries him to Olympus, where he serves as cupbearer to the gods. As a reward, Jupiter grants him eternal youth and immortality. To commemorate their bond, Jupiter is said to have placed Aquila (the eagle) and Aquarius (the water bearer) among the constellations in the heavens.

Seven Wise Men

The Mosaic of the Seven Wise Men, displayed prominently at the entrance to the main gallery, immediately captures your attention. Unearthed during the excavation of a Roman villa in Baalbek, the mosaic centers on Calliope (Kaliope), the muse of philosophy. Surrounding her are seven of ancient Greece’s most celebrated thinkers: Socrates, Chilon of Sparta, Pittacus of Mytilene, Periander of Corinth, Cleobulus of Lindos (partially damaged), Bias of Priene, Thales of Miletus and Solon of Athens. These figures were renowned not only for their wisdom but also as statesmen and lawmakers of the 6th century BC, shaping both philosophy and civic life in their time.

What I don’t understand is why it’s called the mosaic of the seven sages (wise men). There are nine figures here.  Were only seven of them wise?  If so, which ones was the duds?

Abduction of Europa

The Abduction of Europa mosaic at the Beirut museum brings one of the most famous Greek myths to life.

Europa, the daughter of Agenor, king of Tyre, was walking along the seashore with her friends when the god Zeus noticed her beauty. Captivated, Zeus transformed into a majestic bull with crescent-shaped horns, luring Europa away. Initially shy, Europa petted the bull and eventually climbed onto his back. Zeus then ran into the sea. He abducted Europa to Crete, where he regained his human form. There, Europa bore three sons: Minos, Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon.

Minos became the first king of Crete and forced tributes to feed the Minotaur in Daedalus’s labyrinth. Rhadamanthus earned a reputation as the wise king of Crete but was eventually exiled by his jealous brother, Minos. Sarpedon, raised by King Asterion, also faced exile. He fled to Asia and became king of Lycia. Before ruling Lycia, Sarpedon fought as a hero in the Trojan War.

Together, the three brothers were called judges of the dead.

Europa’s family, her mother and three brothers, searched for her, under her father’s orders, but never returned to Tyre.

This mosaic not only depicts Greek mythology but also highlights ancient Roman artistic mastery and storytelling through detailed tiles.

This myth explains the origins of the name Europe and is a highlight when exploring Roman mosaics. It perfectly illustrates how myth and culture intertwined in the Roman world, offering insight into the beliefs, artistry and storytelling of the time. The artwork showcases the intricate craftsmanship of ancient Roman mosaicists, capturing movement and emotion in tiny colored tiles.

The Birth of Alexander

Another great legend and great mosaic, The Birth of Alexander.  He was the son of Phillip of Macedon and Olympias of Epirus and was king of Macedonia by twenty. But he is more widely known for his Asian and African military campaigns. These caused him to become leader of one of the largest empires of ancient Greece, and ultimately to his being known as Alexander the Great.  Olympias herself played not a small role in this, pushing his education and status from a very early age.

The Good Shepherd

The Good Shepherd mosaic at the National Museum of Beirut symbolizes Christ in the Christian tradition. It also represents goodwill in ancient pagan beliefs. The mosaic depicts the shepherd at the center, carrying a sheep on his shoulder, surrounded by other animals.

I can see the craftsmanship despite significant damage from the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1991). A large hole in the bottom-left corner was caused by snipers during the conflict, leaving a stark reminder of history.

Despite the damage, the mosaic remains a powerful symbol of protection, care and religious artistry. Another must-see for lovers of ancient mosaics, Christian symbolism and Baalbek history.

Acme Between Eros and Charis

In Greek mythology, Acme can be translated to the ‘top’ or ‘pinnacle’, in the context of the types of love, this is often known as ‘perfection’. Eros (or Cupid) the son of Aphrodite, goddess of sexual love and beauty, can be interpreted as ‘desire’.  Charis is the goddess of graces: charm, beauty, nature, human creativity and fertility.  Therefore this rather ordinary looking mosaic has a much deeper meaning, it refers to the state of perfect love, a balance between desire and grace or charm.

Drunk Silenus on a Panther

Silenus was a companion and tutor to the wine god Dionysus. Although generally depicted drunk, Greek mythology has him possessing special knowledge and the power of prophecy in his intoxicated state.

The Lioness

One mosaic remains a mystery, with no historical records or references available. I am drawn to The Lioness, who looks both fierce and vulnerable at the same time. Her expression captures a unique blend of strength and emotion, making her a compelling piece.

Though little is known about its origin, the mosaic adds character and intrigue to the National Museum collection.

Good To Know

See the other posts in the National Museum of Beirut series:

• Sarcophagi
• Jewelry

The exhibits are set out over three floors and it’s do-able in 2-3 hours, but really deserves more time. Be sure to obtain the free guide available at the cloak room desk (just in front of the shop on the left as you enter). Also, don’t miss the 15 minute introductory video which plays on the right side of the entrance.  This is a must see, it explains the history of the museum and the thought and care that has been taken to restore both the building and the exhibits after the devastation of the civil war.

Would I Return?

Yes. By comparison to others it’s a relatively small museum but it has a rich history, not only in the exhibits but in the building and the story.  Don’t miss the introductory video, it had me in tears!

Author’s note: the factual descriptions in this post are sourced from a combination of information available from the site and supplemented by further research from the likes of Wikipedia and relevant links.